Ecolabelling and fisheries management

National and intergovernmental regulation of fisheries has not prevented many failures of fisheries management around the world. New approaches to improving the environmental sustainability of fisheries have included the certification of fisheries harvested by sustainable means, and the ecolabelling of fish and seafood products from certified fisheries. The intention is to use the power of markets as an incentive to induce more sustainable fisheries. To date, only a relatively small number of fisheries have been certified, and these have been predominantly in developed countries. Critiques from developing countries of ecolabelling, as currently formulated, focus on five general areas: (1) legitimacy and credibility; (2) a mismatch between certification requirements and the reality of tropical small-scale fisheries; (3) potential distortions to existing practices and livelihoods; (4) equity and feasibility; and (5) perceived barriers to trade. This paper reviews these developing country concerns on the basis of already certified fisheries, and on experiences from forestry, aquaculture and the aquarium industry, and also examines precedents and trends in international environmental and trade issues. It suggests that ecolabelling as currently practiced is unlikely to be widely adopted in Asian countries. Certification may have sporadic success in some eco-conscious, or niche, markets but it is unlikely to stimulate global improvement of fisheries management.Fishery management, Eco-labelling, Certification, Fishery regulations, Sustainability, Developing countries

Report of the Marine Protected Areas Working Group meeting, Penang, Malaysia, 11-12 February, 2014

The objectives of the workshop were to review and update Marine Protected Area (MPA) data, finalise policy briefs for each country and recommend future actions and policies for sustainable management of MPAs

Marine Managed Areas Workshop report, Penang, Malaysia, 18-19 January, 2011

Establishment of a working group of regional experts in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs); inventory and status of existing MPAs; gap analysis;establishment of common data requirements and protocols;development of a regional action plan;training and capacity building; outreach activities; proposal f0r management of existing and creation of new MPAs

Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia with total anodontia: a case report

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disorder that occurs as a consequence of disturbances in the ectoderm of the developing embryo. The triad of nail dystrophy, alopecia or hypotrichosis and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis is usually accompanied by a lack of sweat glands and a partial or complete absence of primary and/ or permanent dentition. A case report illustrating the prosthetic rehabilitation of a seven year old boy with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia associated with total anodontia is presented

Numerical Investigation on the Salient Features of Flow over Standard Notchback Configurations using Scale Resolving Simulations

We present a detailed numerical investigation on the salient features of flow over an SAE reference body with several backlight angles representing a standard notchback geometry using Scale Resolving Simulations (SRS) such as the SBES and the SDES. A grid evaluation study is performed for the SAE Notchback geometry with 20° backlight angle with a Reynolds number (Re) of 6.57 × 105 based on the height of the body. Various aerodynamic parameters and flow structures are compared against the previously published experimental results to evaluate the performance of the numerical predictions and against the unsteady k – ω SST model. Both SBES and SDES models agree well with the previously published wind tunnel results, exhibit a well-preserved modelled RANS layer, and numerically show negligible differences between them. However, the transition from RANS to LES in the separated shear layer (SSL) appears to be marginally robust with SBES. Our numerical results demonstrate that with the increases in the backlight angle, the strength of trailing vortex tends to reduce on one side compensated by an increase on the other side of the model. As a consequence, the SSL shows a non-symmetrical flow feature behind the vehicle for the backlight angles of 30° and 40° as detailed in the experimental result and suitably predicted by the numerical results. We highlight that within the scope of this study, both the SRS models have shown to be accurate and reliable in predicting the aerodynamic force coefficients flow features observed in experiments

Fisheries co-management and transaction costs

Fisheries co-management is increasingly seen as a solution to the problems of resource use conflicts and overexploitation. The importance of transactions costs may not have been given adequate attention. The transaction costs are 1) information costs, 2) collective decisionmaking tools, and 3) collective operational costs. The various components of transaction costs of fisheries co-management systems are described in this paper. These costs need to be determined for evaluating the feasibility of a co-managed fishery compared to a centrally managed one

Investigating the aerodynamic drag and noise characteristics of a standard squareback vehicle with inclined side-view mirror configurations using a hybrid computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach

This study investigates the aerodynamic noise generated and radiated from a standard squareback body with various inclined side-view mirrors using a hybrid computational aeroacoustics method based on a stress-blended eddy simulation coupled with the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy. The results indicate that in the absence of the side-view mirror, the idealized A-pillar is identified as the subsequent major contributor to the overall noise radiated from the vehicle body, and the coefficient of drag decreases by approximately 13.3% despite a minimal change in the projected frontal area. However, the behavior of the drag coefficient becomes nonlinear and highly dependent on the complex flow features, including the vortex shedding patterns and the interaction between the flow and side surface of the body, with increasing mirror inclination angle. In contrast, the radiated noise exhibits a constant decrease as the mirror inclination angle (θ) increases to 32°. Additionally, when the side-view mirror is considered as the sole source, the noise radiated is minimal for an inclination angle of 16°, and a further increase in inclination angle has no significant reduction on the noise radiated but alters the overall drag coefficient of the vehicle. These findings have practical implications for the design of side-view mirrors to reduce aerodynamic noise in automotive applications and highlight the complex tradeoffs between noise reduction and changes in the drag coefficient that must be considered in such designs

Acoustic Measurements of Rectangular Nozzles with Bevel

A series of convergent rectangular nozzles of aspect ratios 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1 were constructed with uniform exit velocity profiles. Additional nozzles were constructed that extended the wide lip on one side of these nozzles to form beveled nozzles. Far-field acoustic measurements were made and analyzed, and the results presented. The impact of aspect ratio on jet noise was similar to that of enhanced mixing devices: reduction in aft, peak frequency noise with an increase in broadside, high frequency noise. Azimuthally, it was found that rectangular jets produced more noise directed away from their wide sides than from their narrow sides. The azimuthal dependence decreased at aft angles where noise decreased. The effect of temperature, keeping acoustic Mach number constant, was minimal. Since most installations would have the observer on the wide size of the nozzle, the increased high frequency noise has a deleterious impact on the observer. Extending one wide side of the rectangular nozzle, evocative of an aft deck in an installed propulsion system, increased the noise of the jet with increasing length. The impact of both aspect ratio and bevel length were relatively well behaved, allowing a simple bilinear model to be constructed relative to a simple round jet

Numerical Solutions of Free Convective Flow from a Vertical Cone with Mass Transfer under the Influence of Chemical Reaction and Heat Generation/Absorption in the Presence of UWT/UWC

The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model for the combined effects of chemical reaction and heat generation/absorption on unsteady laminar free convective flow with heat and mass transfer over an incompressible viscous fluid past a vertical permeable cone with uniform wall temperature and concentration (UWT/UWC).The dimensionless governing boundary layer equations of the flow that are transient, coupled and non-linear partial differential equations are solved by an efficient, accurate and unconditionally stable finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicholson type. The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles have been studied for various parameters viz., chemical reaction parameter , the heat generation and absorption parameter , Schmidt number Sc , Prandtl number Pr , buoyancy ratio parameter N . The local as well as average skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, are discussed and analyzed graphically. The present results are compared with available results in open literature and are found to be in excellent agreemen

Inequalities in the use of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by socioeconomic status: evidence from the PURE observational study

Background: There is little evidence on the use of secondary prevention medicines for cardiovascular disease by socioeconomic groups in countries at different levels of economic development. Methods: We assessed use of antiplatelet, cholesterol, and blood-pressure-lowering drugs in 8492 individuals with self-reported cardiovascular disease from 21 countries enrolled in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Defining one or more drugs as a minimal level of secondary prevention, wealth-related inequality was measured using the Wagstaff concentration index, scaled from −1 (pro-poor) to 1 (pro-rich), standardised by age and sex. Correlations between inequalities and national health-related indicators were estimated. Findings: The proportion of patients with cardiovascular disease on three medications ranged from 0% in South Africa (95% CI 0–1·7), Tanzania (0–3·6), and Zimbabwe (0–5·1), to 49·3% in Canada (44·4–54·3). Proportions receiving at least one drug varied from 2·0% (95% CI 0·5–6·9) in Tanzania to 91·4% (86·6–94·6) in Sweden. There was significant (p<0·05) pro-rich inequality in Saudi Arabia, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe. Pro-poor distributions were observed in Sweden, Brazil, Chile, Poland, and the occupied Palestinian territory. The strongest predictors of inequality were public expenditure on health and overall use of secondary prevention medicines. Interpretation: Use of medication for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is alarmingly low. In many countries with the lowest use, pro-rich inequality is greatest. Policies associated with an equal or pro-poor distribution include free medications and community health programmes to support adherence to medications. Funding: Full funding sources listed at the end of the paper (see Acknowledgments)